Advantages and Considerations of Learning Two Languages
The benefits of bilingualism are obvious, particularly the ability to communicate with more people and access more knowledge sources (in this discussion, we refer specifically to Chinese and English). However, learning two languages comes with a cost. After all, everyone only has 24 hours in a day, and children especially need time for play.
When children allocate their language-learning time between two languages, can they achieve native-level proficiency in both? Is this even possible?
Discussion:
Bilingualism has clear advantages: in addition to facilitating communication with a broader audience, it provides access to more knowledge, fosters inclusivity, and even boosts competitiveness in the workplace. However, bilingual individuals should remain humble, as monolinguals may have more time to develop other skills that enhance their strengths in specific areas.
For children learning two languages, achieving and maintaining oral and written proficiency in both requires significant time and effort. Is it possible for them to reach native-level proficiency in both languages? We believe it is, depending on two key factors:
- Whether the two languages are learned using methods similar to how native languages are acquired.
- Whether both languages meet "recognized" proficiency standards.
What is native-level proficiency?
Generally, native-level proficiency is assessed across four key skills: listening, speaking, reading, and writing. Merely being able to listen and speak does not qualify someone as bilingual. Standardized tests can provide an assessment of one’s proficiency level, or a simple self-evaluation can give a general idea. For example, on a 5-point/100-point scale, a "relaxed" standard for native proficiency would require scoring at least 3.5/70 in each skill.
To be considered bilingual, the total score for both languages must meet this minimum threshold. For example, combinations such as 3.5+3.5, 3.5+4, 4+4, or 5+5 meet our criteria for a bilingual individual.
Balancing Time Between Two Languages:
Since children divide their language-learning time between two languages, comparing bilingual children to monolingual ones is unfair. However, it is crucial to ensure that bilingual children do not become "semi-lingual," where neither language meets the required standards. This would strip away the advantages of bilingualism, leaving children at a disadvantage in both languages. It is better for a child to achieve a combination like 4+2, where one language meets the standard, rather than falling short in both.
Additional Note:
Modern approaches now emphasize listening, speaking, reading, typing, and writing. In other words, typing in Chinese can substitute for handwriting as a form of written communication. While this perspective varies among individuals and is not the focus here, I personally agree with children learning to write. At the same time, I acknowledge that handwriting requires significant time investment, and I accept the changes brought by modern technology.